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Rules
for Citation and Reference
When writing
any academic paper, research paper, article, course paper, etc,
make sure you provide proper in-text citations and full references
at the end of the paper.
Citations and references help you to avoid
plagiarism. Plagiarism is wrong. You simply must not do it.
It is academic honor code not to plagiarize. There are different
forms of plagiarism:
1) You take an unchanged phrase from an original
source (in quotation marks) and do not cite the source in text;
2) You take an idea
from an original source and do not cite the source in text;
3) You paraphrase a
sentence or paragraph from an original source and do not cite it
in text;
4) You copy-and-paste
or even paraphrase information form the World Wide Web and do not
cite the source.
There exist a number of different styles of
citation and reference. Here I am offering the simplest for your
convenience. It will help you to avoid the problem of plagiarism.
1) In-text citations must take the form: (Author
Date). Example: (Smith 2000).
2) In-text multiple
citations should be listed in chronological order: (Author Date,
Author Date). Example: (Smith 2000, Archer 2001).
3) Use the first author’s
name and “et al.” for in-text citation of works with more than two
authors or editors. Example (Smith et.al. 2000).
4) List every author
or editor in the “References” list at the end of your paper. All
works cited in the text must be listed alphabetically. Provide the
full names of all journals. Italicize or underline the titles of
all books and names of journals.
Click to see the
phrases to use when quoting sources directly
or indirectly.
Examples of References:
Journal article:
Enhrenfeld D. 1995. The Marriage of Ecology and
Medicine: Are they Compatible? Ecosystem Health 1:15-21
(where 1 is the volume number, and 15-21
is pages)
Book:
Feshbach M and A Friendly. 1992.
Ecocide in the USSR. Health
and Nature Under Siege. Basic Books.
Harper Collins Publishers, New York NY USA.
Chapter in book:
Wolman A. 1986. Health and Water Quality. Pages 5-17 in Cairns Jr.
and R Patrick. Eds. 1986. Managing Water Resources. Praeger.
New York, Westport, Connecticut, London.
Technical report:
Lassister RR and JL Cooley. 1985. Prediction of
ecological effects of toxic chemicals, overall strategy,
and theoretical basis for the ecosystem model. Report nr. 83-261-685.
Government Printing Office, Washington DC USA.
Web
Resource:
WHO (World Health Organization).
2001. Global
Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Available at:
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/Globassessment/Boxes.htm,
12/14/01
(the
date of access
Lecture or Speech:
To cite a lecture or a speech, give the speaker's name, the title of the
lecture or speech (if known) in quotation marks, the meeting and the
sponsoring organization (if applicable), the location [including place and
city, if available].
Example:
Stedman, Stephen. IDL 104 Lecture 1. "Major Issues in International Conflict
Management." Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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